Lo' s English anatomy Scapula

En français on dit l'omoplate, mais on fait des mots composés et des adjectifs sur scapula: une douleur d'épaule diffuse, en dehors de l'articulation humérus-omoplate est une périarthrite scapulo-humérale (PASH).

SCAPULA: infection inside the joint is called arthritis, even inflammation is called arthritis.

Petite note sur ce mo:  arthrose en français désigne un état dégénératif des os, des cartilages...à l'origine de douleurs ou d'inconfort mais physiologique, pas franchement pathologique: arthrite est le mot à utiliser en cas d'atteinte d'origine inflammatoire ou infectieuse.

Arthrite dentaire? Patients at times complain and no cause can be found: kind of arthritis??? 

Periarthritis is inflammation around the joint; it is quite different in that the joint is not affected by the infection which is related to a germ. 

Periarthritis is very common, a pain in the shoulder while infection is very rare. Extremely rare.

Adoptons la couleur bleue pour ce qui est écrit en français: le mouvement, les mouvements de l'épaule.

Il est indispensable de demander à une personne qui a un problème d'épaule de montrer ce qu'elle peut faire avec son épaule, son bras, son thorax.

Au repos le bras est pendant, la face palmaire de la main tournée vers l'arrière.

Si l'on tourne la main vers l'avant on se trouve dans la position anatomique: le petit doigt sur la couture du pantalon, comme on disait.

"Show me what your shoulder can do:

0  leave it down at rest, relaxed

1  lift your arm forward

2  and raise your arm as high as you can

3  now relax, let go, and raise your arm again to you side

4  and try to put your hand on your neck

5  now you let go again and try to put your hand behind your back."

This shows us what somebody can dou without the kine or dr helping, right!

Now you have to examine the shoulder yourself.

Ask the same questions: 1  "Can you lift your arm forward,

and you help the guy (man, woman, patient) do so you think it must raise his arm higher, just to know when something is wrong: they are blocked or the patient says they are in pain. -En français, on continuerait au singulier; en anglais 'le patient dit qu'ils sont douloureux' est une formulation normale-voir mon article sur singulier-pluriel; c'est tous les jours maintenant que je relève cet façon de traiter le singulier quand il a une allure de pluriel ou de généralité.

2  Can you raise it higher

3  Now let go, and let it go to you side 

4 Try to put you hand on your neck again, I will help you

5  and try to put your hand behind your back

Sometimes it is possible to help the patient complete the movement without pain. This means that there is a physical reason why the movement is impossible.

 

Loéva English anatomy: Pelvic bones

 We know it's made of 4 bones: sacrum, coccyx and os iliaques ?

It is wider in women than in men; guess why?

Hips= hanches

Grand bassin

Petit bassin

Ischion

Ilion

coccyx

When asked, Copilot says this:

Vous

Copilot

The pelvis is like the grand central station of bones. It supports your spine, holds up your organs, and connects your legs to your torso. The pelvis is made up of three primary bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Here’s the breakdown:

• Ilium: This is the largest part of the pelvis and forms the upper section. It's the part  you can feel when you put your hands on your hips.

• Ischium: This is the lower, back part of the pelvis. It's what you're sitting on right now!

• Pubis: This forms the front part of the pelvis. The two sides meet at the pubic symphysis.

Now, the pelvis also includes the sacrum and coccyx at the back. The sacrum is a triangular bone that connects the spine to the pelvis, and the coccyx, or tailbone, is at the very bottom.

All these bones are part of the pelvic girdle, which is responsible for supporting the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing, and transferring weight from the axial skeleton to the lower limbs when walking or running. The pelvic girdle also provides attachments for and withstands the forces of the powerful muscles of locomotion and posture.

Hope this helps for your exam! Let me know if you need more details on any specific part.

Certainly! The pelvic bones, also known as the hip bones or os coxae, consist of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Each of these bones has distinct surfaces and landmarks:

1. Ilium:

   • Lateral Surface: This surface is broad and concave, featuring the gluteal lines which serve as attachment points for the gluteal muscles.
   • Medial Surface: This surface includes the iliac fossa, a large, smooth, concave area that provides attachment for the iliacus muscle.

2. Ischium:

   • External Surface: This surface is rough and provides attachment for the hamstring muscles.
   • Internal Surface: This surface is smoother and forms part of the wall of the lesser pelvis.

3. Pubis:

   • Anterior (External) Surface: This surface faces forward and provides attachment for the adductor muscles of the thigh. (foot-ball players often suffer from tendinitis!)
     
   • Posterior (Internal) Surface: This surface faces backward and forms part of the pelvic cavity.
   • Medial (Symphyseal) Surface: This surface articulates with the opposite pubic bone at the pubic symphysis.

These surfaces and landmarks are crucial for muscle attachment, joint formation, and providing structural support to the body.

Bony pelvis: Ilium, ischium, pubis | Kenhub: this is the link to where Copilot got informations, which is good for a start- but if you are a medical student you need more of course; and the link takes you to a very specific place for anatomy called Kenhub.

 

Lo 1 2024. " BY THE SKIN OF MY TEETH"

 “My high school required two years of a foreign language in order to graduate. I failed second-year Spanish twice and the third time (my senior year) I was able to pass by the skin of my teeth.”

a man says he was not good at learning languages 

after three years he was able ...by the skin of his teeth

I like this expression every dentist should know .

 

Lo 24-25 Summary of the previous articles: "medical english"

 SUMMARY

1 In the surgery

2 

3 Respiratory system

4 Musculoskelettal system

5 

6 Introduction ID & General Health Questions +++

7  Heart Attack

8 Urinary system -and the way to talk about pain from excruciating to mild +++

9 Genital Tract female

10 Genital tract male

11 Pediatrics

12 Prostate ( Article for medical student, apart from the introduction from BBC, as an example in the mainstream news)

13 Infectious deseases ( Respiratory system)

14 Asthma

15 Different kinds of pains

16 Abdomen and pain in the abdomen

17 General Health Questions to a new patient +++

TO BE CONTINUED

LOEVA 44 Healthcare professionnals part 2

NURSES

  a registered nurse RN= une infirmière diplômée d'état=IDE
visiting nurse =  IDE à domicile
Head nurse= infirmière chef
Nurse supervisor, Nurse manager
Critical care nurse=  infirmière aux urgences
Scrub nurse= infirmière instrumentiste au bloc opératoire

ON DUTY= DE GARDE

doctors

Intern,  Resident physician,  Junior doctor
Internist is a specialist, internal medicine
GP -general practitioner-   self-employed, independent
OBGYN obstetrician gynecologist
ENT ear nose throat  specialist

Assistant nurse, nurse's aide, auxiliary nurse
The man or men  who bear(s) the stretcher: stretcher-bearer
Physiotherapist==kiné
Pharmacist US or Chemist GB
Podiatrist or chiropodist= podologue

Midwife
Neonatal nurse, pediatric, Nursery nurse !
Hospital doctor
Healthcare practitioner
Paramedics --secours, urgence
Care providers; caregivers
Receptionist; admission clerk
Administrative staff
Paramedic (ambulancier)
emergency medical technician  EMT

Clinical training or internship....TO BE IN MEDICAL TRAINING
TO TAKE A TRAINING COURSE IN....
training; course; lesson
Intern=Trainee

Day shift/ Night shift

Healthcare facilities; Facility
Institution
Day hospital care
Hospice, Old people home, Home

to hire, to recruit

LOEVA 43 healthcare professionnals

 HealHealthcare professionals

A car accident, a car crash!

            The injured are taken to hospital by ambulance. They have been picked up on the road where the car accident took place by ambulance drivers and emergency specialists: emergency doctors and nurses.
First of all, the emergency doctor assesses the degree of urgency and pain felt by the patient, and places him or her in a position of maximum safety.
A stretcher-bearer puts the patient on the stretcher and prepares him for transport to hospital.
    On arrival in the emergency department, the patient is cared for by a new team of nurses and orderlies, surgeons if necessary and other doctors, and further tests are carried out.

When the injured man arrived at the hospital, he was seen by a nurse's aide, a stretcher-bearer, a health officer and a senior health officer as well ....

    .As he was found to have liver cancer during his examinations, it was shown to the oncologist and to the various specialists before operating on him: the cardiologist and the anaesthetist in particular.

He had blood tests and, a registered nurse took care of him to go home to the home nurse's care .

He thanked the operating room nurse and intern (or resident) who took care of him; And then, after he was discharged from the hospital, he was handed over to his GP.

As his wife was pregnant at the time of the accident in the car, she had to consult the obstetrician as well and for her face with a broken nose, she had to see the ENT.

LOEVA 42

 last night as I was reading some stories by Bolgakov (Ukrainian russian writer, a famous one...) he was a doctor and wrote about his stay in the wild an remote village, together with 2 midwives, and a "feldster", in a country hospital, wintertime etc..;

I met with the words shoulder blades and chest not in use in my articleS until now

I also thought of a tricK: to illustrate literaryly the articles;ome extracts from famous books could help and procure feelings and words...

the story: morphine is one of them; and so many others from his souvenirs notebook.

As I read the words (non exhaustive  liste...)I find rarely used words:

hairiness, as one can see in teenagers nowadays, again,

nape -the nape of neck, which is the back part of the neck I think

moustache aux usa ne prend pas de u et voilà qui nous fait une belle jambe

ulna and fibula 

bedsore...

decubitus ulcer

upset stomach

stiff neck, neck pain, sore neck

all those words related to some form of pain, ache etc uneasyness...

it hurts! it is painful it aches

tender

tingling

bloated

casualty

bruise

bump

choking

nosebleed

poor health   means    not healthy

seafood allergy   dust allergy     allergy to some medications

aneurism

scal and scab...never heard of!

HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONNALS

HealHealthcare professionals

The injured are taken to hospital by ambulance. They have been picked up on the road where the car accident took place by ambulance drivers and emergency specialists: emergency doctors and nurses.

First of all, the emergency doctor assesses the degree of urgency and pain felt by the patient, and places him or her in a position of maximum safety.

A stretcher-bearer puts the patient on the stretcher and prepares him for transport to hospital.

On arrival in the emergency department, the patient is cared for by a new team of nurses and orderlies, surgeons if necessary and other doctors, and further tests are carried out.

Loéva 41 contraceptive methods

 Here’s a brief article about   contraceptive methods:

Contraceptive Methods:   

A Comparative Overview
Introduction:
                         Fifty years ago, on December 19, 1967, France took a significant step by legalizing the sale and use of contraceptive methods. This milestone legislation marked the beginning of a transformative era in contraception. 

In this article, we explore the evolution of contraceptive practices in France over the past half-century and compare them to global trends.
 

The Pill: A French Favorite
                                                    The birth control pill, commonly known as “the pill,” has become the most widely used contraceptive method in France.
-France: Over 83% of reproductive-age women in France use some form of contraception, with the pill being the dominant choice. Despite recent controversies surrounding this contraceptive model, it remains popular.

-Global Variations: In other parts of the world, contraceptive practices differ significantly. For instance:
Burkina Faso, Iraq, and Mozambique: In these countries, less than 50% of women in union use any form of contraception.

Sterilization: Globally, sterilization (either female or male) is the most common method among contraceptive users. In Mexico (2015), 54% of reproductive-age women opt for sterilization, while the figures are 43% in the United States (2006) and 32% in Brazil (2013). China, Spain, and Turkey also have varying rates of sterilization use.

Beyond the Pill: Diverse Approaches
While the pill dominates in France, other contraceptive methods play crucial roles elsewhere. These include intrauterine devices (IUDs), injectables, condoms, and natural family planning methods. The choice of method often reflects cultural norms, access to healthcare, and individual preferences.

An intrauterine progestin ring is a contraceptive device that provides long-term birth control. Here are the key details:

1. Function: The progesterone vaginal ring functions by diffusing a continuous flow of progesterone through the vaginal walls—approximately 10 mg per day. This progesterone then enters the bloodstream and regulates a woman’s fertility by:

   • Suppressing Ovulation: It prevents the release of eggs from the ovaries.
   • Thickening Cervical Mucus: This inhibits sperm penetration into the uterus.

2. Usage:

   • The ring is inserted into the vagina, where it releases progesterone.
   • It remains in place for a specified duration (usually several weeks).
   • Unlike the hormonal intrauterine device (IUD), which is placed directly in the uterus, the progestin ring is positioned in the vaginal canal.

3. Effectiveness:

   • The progestin ring is highly effective when used correctly.
   • It provides continuous contraception without requiring daily attention (unlike oral pills).

4. Advantages:

   • Convenience: Users do not need to remember to take a daily pill.
   • Reversible: Fertility returns promptly after removal.
     
   • Lower Hormone Dose: Compared to some other hormonal methods.

5. Considerations:

   • Prescription Required: A healthcare provider must prescribe and insert the ring.
   • Side Effects: These may include irregular bleeding, breast tenderness, and mood changes.
   • Monitoring: Regular check-ups are essential to ensure proper placement and effectiveness.

Remember that individual experiences may vary, and it’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional to determine the most suitable contraceptive method for your specific needs.

Conclusion:
As we celebrate fifty years of legal contraception in France, it’s essential to recognize that contraceptive preferences vary globally. While the pill remains a French favorite, understanding diverse methods and promoting informed choices is vital for reproductive health worldwide.

 QUIZ (only one sentence is true)

1 After giving birth, a young mother experiences a period known as the postpartum phase during which her fertility is eliminated for six months.

2  Girls who take the pill can't catch infectious sexually transmitted deseases.

3 The good contraception is the one you can adapt to, without side effects and being effective to help with birth control and prevention of sexual infections.

Loéva 40 Brain Cerebrum

 The fascinating world of the cerebrum, --the largest part of our brain.

Sensory Processing:
Your cerebrum manages and processes everything your senses take in. 

These senses include:
Sight: Visual information is processed in specific areas of the cerebrum, allowing you to perceive the world around you through your eyes.
Sound: Auditory processing occurs here, enabling you to hear and interpret sounds.
Smell: The olfactory cortex, located in the cerebrum, plays a crucial role in processing smells.
Taste: The gustatory cortex processes taste sensations, allowing you to savor different flavors.
Touch: Sensations related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain are also processed within the cerebrum.
Language:
Various parts of your cerebrum control your ability to read, write, and speak. Language centers are distributed across different regions, including Broca’s area (associated with speech production) and Wernicke’s area (involved in language comprehension).
Working Memory:
    Think of working memory as your mental sticky note. It helps you hold and manipulate information temporarily. For example, when you remind yourself to pick up something from the grocery store, you’re using your working memory.
Behavior and Personality:
The frontal lobe, a part of your cerebrum, manages your personality and behavior. It acts as a filter, preventing impulsive actions and guiding your social interactions.
In essence, the cerebrum orchestrates conscious thoughts, sensory experiences, language, and complex behaviors. It’s the epicenter of our cognitive abilities and it shapes who we are as individuals.

 

Loéva : miscarriage

 A word not seen yet in the articles about women and babies: sometimes a pregnant woman happens to lose her baby; that is what miscarriage is

wether the baby is a stillbirth or whatever; when something goes wrong...or was wrong with the fetus, or embryo:

A miscarriage, also known as a spontaneous abortion, 

occurs when an embryo or fetus is lost before it can survive independently. 

 

It typically happens during the first 20 weeks of gestation. The term “miscarriage” encompasses all forms of pregnancy loss and outcomes that occur before 20 weeks of gestation. About 80% of miscarriages occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Here are some key points about miscarriage:

1. • Chromosomal abnormalities account for about 50% of first-trimester miscarriages.
   • Risk factors include being an older parent, previous miscarriages, exposure to tobacco smoke, obesity, diabetes, and certain medical conditions.
   • 
     

2. Types of Miscarriage:

   • Missed miscarriage: Pregnancy loss without noticeable symptoms, confirmed by ultrasound.
   • Complete miscarriage: Uterus is empty after bleeding and passing fetal tissue.

3. Diagnosis and Tests:

   • Diagnosis involves checking the cervix, testing blood levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and using ultrasound.
   • 
     

4. Prevention and Treatment:

   • Good prenatal care can help prevent miscarriages.
   • Avoiding drugs, alcohol, infections, and radiation reduces the risk.
   • Most miscarriages resolve without specific treatment within the first 7 to 14 days.

Remember that experiencing a miscarriage does not mean you did something wrong—it is often beyond your control. Seek medical attention promptly if you suspect a miscarriage.

LOEVA 39 ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM part two: Diabetes mellitus

INSULINE is required for the glucose to be used by the muscle; a lack of insuline translates into a condition, a desease called diabetes mellitus;

Insulin plays a crucial role in facilitating the utilization of sugar (glucose) by muscle cells.

When you consume food, especially carbohydrates, your blood glucose levels rise.Insulin acts as a key regulator in this process. It binds to specific receptors on the surface of muscle cells, initiating a cascade of events. 

• Once the insulin molecule docks onto the receptor, it signals the muscle cell to open up glucose transporters (such as GLUT4).
• These transporters allow glucose to enter the muscle fibers from the bloodstream. Essentially, insulin acts as a “key” that unlocks the door for glucose to move into the muscle cells.

and questions from the physician about this problem.

-Do you follow a diabetic diet with low refined sugars ? 

-How about your appetite ? Has your appetite increased ? decreased ?

-Has your weight remained constant ?

-Have you lost weight ?

-Are you often thirsty ?

-Do you drink excessive volumes of water ?

-How much urine do you pass each time you go to the toilet ? a big amount, or reduced quantity, a few drops ?

-Do you happen to faint ? Do you often faint ?

-You have had a blood test recently: how high is your sugar level?

-Have you had your "A one c" tested? (A1c is A1c hemoglobine: ""l'hémoglobine glyquée"" in french.)

quiz:

1 After physical activity, muscle cells become less receptive to insulin, preventing efficient glucose uptake.

2  The more you eat sugars, the better you feel and the more energetic, and full of stamina, without risk of any side effects. Sugar is essential for the brain, the brain only needs sugar.

3  In conditions like obesity and type 2 diabetes, there can be defects in insulin signaling or reduced insulin sensitivity. As a result, muscle cells may struggle to take up glucose efficiently, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.

 

LOEVA 38 ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM part one

 Thyroid gland:

sometimes the patient suggests he has lost weight, his weight does not remain constant despite not being on a slimming diet or feeling ill or depressed or whatever...

Questions arise from that loss of weight and the doctor asks..

-Do your clothes feel looser? Have you lost weight ?

-Have you a good appetite ?

-Has your appetite increased ?

-Has your appetite remained unchanged ?

Do you have nausea ? (= do you feel like vomiting ?)

Have you diarrhea ?

Are you loosing the same amount of blood during your periods ? or more, or less ?

Do you sleep well ?

Do you have muscle weakness, cramps ?

Do you feel irritable?

Do you get a tremor of the hands ?

Do you complain of intolerance to cold weather ? or to hot weather ?

Do you sweat a lot? or very little ?

Have you ever noticed a lump in your neck ?

Do you ever fell palpitations=Do you feel your heart beat fast and strong ?

How long does the attacks of palpitations last ?

How long have you been complaining of palpitations ?

How often do you get them ?

All these symptoms can be related to dysfunction of the thyroid gland: when the thyroid is hyperactive the patient does not sleep well, he feels warm, complains of intolerance to hot weather, has a tremor of the hands, sweat a lot, feels palpitations, suffer from diarrhea, looses weight;

on the contrary, when the thyroid is hypoactive (hypothyroidism) , the patient suffers from constipation, feels cold, weak, and limp, feels like he has no stamina; he puts weight on.

QUIZ

a People with underactive thyroid puts weight on, feels cold;  people who have a thyroid that is not functioning well, =hypothyroidism, =underactive thyroid; gain weight, feel cold, and sometimes depressed and sluggish (mou; lent)

b Patients who lose weight without any explanation, who feel nervous all the time, eat a lot and feel hungry, are likely suffering from heart problems such as tachycardia or arrhythmia.

c  A patient whose thyroid gland can be checked by the physician because the patient says he feels like there is something wrong with his neck, maybe there is a lump, a tumor....that patient must have echoscan and have his hormons checked as well. 

Because anyone can develop a cyst in their thyroid gland and this cyst can interfere with the functioning of the gland; it can produce thyroid hormones even.

(la grammaire anglaise est ainsi faite que un pluriel suit un singulier: anyone can develop a cyst in their thyroid gland ; est correct et les exemples sont nombreux et quotidiens... 

LOEVA 37 paediatrics part two

 

IMMUNIZATIONS

Has the baby been immunized ?

BCG, Diphteria, Tetanus, Polyomyelitis, Pertussis, Typhoid

Small pox (variole in french); MMR  ror in french for MEASLES MUMPS RUBELLA rougeole oreillons rubéole

Covid vaccination is not mandatory, for the time being, as far as I know -maybe in the future?

All the babies get their immunizations early second third fourth month etc and periodically

 

DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES

How old was your baby ...???

-when he first smiled

-held his head steady 

-turned his head to sound

-grasped an object

-sat up unsupported

-transfered objects from one hand to the other

-stood with support

-crawled

-used his first words

-used his first sentences

-dressed himself

-got toilet trained.....(toilet trained is an expression I find in a book: how old was your baby, your infant, chour child when he got toilet trained???

---control of bowels

---control of bladder

-got his first tooth

-Does he sleep well?

-Does he wet his bed at night? 

 

SOCIAL HISTORY

Does he attend school? play school, primary school?

Does he like school?

Does he get well at school?

Are there behavioural problems?

Does he have tantrums? Does he get angry and cross?

Is he hyperactive? 

Does he mix well with other children?

Has the child been separated from his mother?

Who usually looks after the child?

 

CHILDHOOD DESEASES

Has the child had...?:

chickenpox- benign, but nowadays children get vaccinated as well agains this desease

measles; whooping cough, mumps, measles, scarlet fever, glandular fever, gastroenteritis, 

otitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis

epileptic fits

febrile convulsions

Has the child had his appendix removed? 

Loéva 36 TONSILS = amygdales

 
Children exposed to cigarette smoke are more vulnerable to tonsillitis. 

Tonsillitis is one of the most common ailments (desease) encountered at childhood. 

 In case of chronic tonsillitis the children may lose weight, they may be irritable, lethargic and weak in studies.

Surjery is suggested when a child is prone to tonsillitis, with several episodes a year, or when a child has tonsillitis that doesn't respond to antibiotics.

Loéva 35 High blood pressure (HBP) or hypertension

 

High blood pressure (HBP), also known as hypertension, can be influenced by various factors. Let’s explore the role of salt and butter in relation to blood pressure:

1. Salt (Sodium):

   • High sodium consumption can elevate blood pressure. Many people unknowingly consume too much sodium, especially from highly processed foods and fast foods.
   • The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends limiting sodium intake to no more than 2,300 milligrams per day.
   • Foods high in salt include: burgers, pizza, sandwiches, cold cuts and cured meats, canned soup, tacos and burritos.

2. Butter:

   • While butter itself is not a direct cause of high blood pressure, it is a source of saturated fat.
   • Saturated fats can contribute to elevated blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease.
   • Consuming too much saturated fat from sources like butter can impact overall cardiovascular health.
   • It’s essential to maintain a
     balanced diet that includes healthy fats and limits saturated fat intake.

In summary, both excessive salt intake and consuming foods high in saturated fats (like butter) can play a role in the development of high blood pressure. Managing these factors through dietary choices is crucial for maintaining optimal blood pressure levels. Remember to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and recommendations.

Loéva 34 ENT (orl) pictures